3:27:40 
2023-08-06 
510
If the thinking processes in general, and the thinking processes in particular, are internal processes that cannot be observed directly, then how can they be inferred or their characteristics identified?
Lee (1992) summarized three methods used in the field of psychology research to identify the thinking methods used by the individual in solving the problem, namely:
• Introspection.
• Restoration of past events (Retrospection).
• Thinking aloud.
Early psychologists used the introspective method to study the contents of feelings and thinking, in which the individual is asked to provide a verbal report on internal processes as they occur.
As for the method based on recalling past events (recall), the individual is asked to describe the tasks of thinking after they have occurred by recalling in his memory the events of thinking and the feelings he was exposed to. One person to another even in solving problems that have a great degree of similarity. The focus in this method is not on describing the solutions that have been reached, but rather on the thinking processes that permeated access to the solution.
The method of thinking out loud has taken on a special importance in recent studies aimed at identifying the internal processes when the individual performs a mental task of the type of thinking to solve the problem. His attempt to think of a solution to the problem. The procedures of this method include recording the speech of the subject and transcribing the recording into special protocols. The recording is then analyzed (in the protocol) according to classification categories for thinking processes or strategies used by each subject in solving the problem.
However, there are some researchers who question the possibility of relying on the method of thinking out loud on the grounds that verbal information may be inaccurate, and that individuals may say things they do not mean, and that preoccupation with speech may hinder the sequence of thoughts. On the other hand, some individuals may consider their thoughts as confidential personal matters. They do not want to announce and declare it.
However, a number of researchers used it, considering that prior training on it and continuous stimulation during the response reduce the error in the results based on it.
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