

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Conclusion: structure as guide but not straitjacket
المؤلف:
Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy
المصدر:
An Introduction To English Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
82-7
2024-02-03
1599
Conclusion: structure as guide but not straitjacket
It is not surprising that the structure of complex words should guide us in their interpretation. What is perhaps surprising is the uniformity of this structure in English: no node ever has more than two branches, and the element on the righthand branch (whether a root, an affix or a word) is usually the head. What is more, the freedom with which complex structures can be embedded in larger complex structures, especially within compounds, provides great scope for the generation of new words; and, since lexical items are typically though not universally words, this freedom facilitates vocabulary expansion too.
Despite the general conformity of meaning with structure, there are occasions where meaning gets the upper hand, so to speak. French history and nuclear physics being institutionalized domains of study, we need terms to denote the people who engage in them; and, since the words historian and physicist exist, French historian and nuclear physicist come readily to hand as labels for the relevant specialists. This seems a good way to make sense of the mismatches. However these examples are to be analyzed structurally, their existence seems to show that, in derivation and compounding as well as in inflection, semantic pressures can sometimes enforce the existence of an expression with a certain meaning, and the expression chosen for that meaning need not be structurally ideal. The language’s acceptance of this expression, nevertheless, shows that, although word-structure guides interpretation, it does not dictate it.
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