

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Glides
المؤلف:
Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
596-33
2024-04-20
1456
Glides
A distinction between /w/ and /hw/ was robust in New Zealand into the 1960s, distinguishing Wales from whales and witch from which, but now seems to be receding quickly. It has gone from the North Island except in a few conservative individuals and is in retreat in the South Island. It may end up being retained as a regional marker, though this currently seems unlikely.
/w/ and /j/ are strongly devoiced following stressed-syllable-initial [p, t, k], and we could transcribe
for tweak, queue, pewter. Similar devoicing of /j/ is found in words like huge, hue
.
There is often a rather strong palatal or labial-velar glide following respectively a front or back vowel in hiatus with another vowel. So in examples such as see it, allowing, doing, happiest there may be a stronger glide element than would be expected in RP, although there is still a distinction to be drawn between the glides in, for example, do one and do unlikely things.
Yod-dropping is variable in New Zealand English. After /r/ in words like rule, /j/ has vanished, as elsewhere in English. After /l/, in words like lewd, illuminate, it is extremely rare, though it is retained where the relevant syllable does not carry primary stress in words like prelude. After /θ/ in words like enthuse, yod is very rare. After /s, z/ the presence or absence of yod is to some extent determined by the environment. In Zurich, which provides the only potential case of
the /j/ is variable (possibly reflecting the German [y] pronunciation of the vowel). After most /s/ types it has virtually vanished: for example Susan would never have a /j/ and super(intendent), superstitious etc. have /j/ only extremely rarely from very conservative speakers (these were still occasionally heard fifteen years ago, but have become much rarer). In the set of words including assume, consume, presume, resume there are many competing pronunciations. If we take assume as a model, we can find any of
, and the same variants arise for the other words in this set. The first of these is perceived as being the most standard, but the others are common. These words are the only place where /ʃj/ clusters can arise. The clusters /tj/ and /dj/ usually coalesce to affricates, but there are a few exceptional words: tuna is usually
whether the large salt-water fish or the eel (from Maori tuna) is intended. The orthography <tu> never gives rise to
pronunciations in Maori words. Yod-dropping is variable after /n/, especially in a few lexemes including new (particularly in New Zealand, Air New Zealand and similar high frequency collocations), nude and nuisance. The orthography <nu> in Maori words is nevertheless sometimes pronounced as
.
The glide /w/ is also regularly dropped in the words quart and quarter, with the result that quart and court/caught become homophonous. It is not clear whether this is lexical or due to the phonological environment, since there are so few words which fit this pattern.
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
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(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)