

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Lexical distribution
المؤلف:
Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
599-33
2024-04-20
1262
Lexical distribution
There are not many differences in lexical distribution of vowels between New Zealand English and RP. The most obvious differences are listed below.
basic in old-fashioned pronunciation had TRAP in the first syllable, particularly in the combination basic slag; now FACE is usual
because variation between LOT, THOUGHT and STRUT
geyser always has stressed PRICE in the first syllable
gross pronounced with GOAT when a children’s term meaning ‘disgusting’, often pronounced with LOT by adults in other meanings
maroon sometimes heard with GOAT in the second syllable
off a rare THOUGHT is still heard alongside the usual LOT
project variably pronounced with LOT or GOAT in the first syllable
pronunciation non-standardly but frequently pronounced with MOUTH in the second syllable
proven often pronounced with GOAT in the stressed syllable as an alternative to GOOSE
tuna frequently has no yod
vitamin always has stressed PRICE in the first syllable
women pronounced as homophonous with woman, with FOOT in the first syllable
worry increasingly with LOT
yoghurt has GOAT in the first syllable
When French loan-words which have /y/ in French are pronounced in New Zealand English, the /y/ is replaced with GOOSE rather than with a /j/ and then GOOSE. So we find things like debut /dæebʉ:/.
There is a marked tendency to spelling-pronunciation in New Zealand English. Trentham is pronounced with /θ/ (although Thames, Thomas and Thompson are not); Davis will be pronounced differently from Davies; Catriona is frequently pronounced /kætri'ɐʉnɘ/ ; occurrence, deterrent with NURSE as the stressed vowel are not infrequent; Wednesday may still be heard pronounced with two /d/s. Many other examples are heard sporadically.
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