Consonants

Sonorants: N, L, R

In a feature known as ‘velar nasal plus’, velar nasal /ŋ/ is realized as [ŋg] in all words with <ng>spelling in the English West Midlands, this designation in this case covering an extended area stretching from Birmingham in the south to Liverpool and Sheffield in the north. The feature is by no means categorical, co-existing with both [ŋ] and, in <-ing>-morpheme representations, [n] realization: the alveolar nasal [n] for /ŋ/ is widespread in Northern and West Midland English as a stigmatized feature. /n/ is fronted in Shetland, Scotland, and mid and northern Wales.

 

RP has clear [l] before a vowel and dark [Ɨ] before a consonant or pause. Whilst this essential pattern might also be expected to occur in some regional varieties, considerable complexity does also occur in distributions of clear and dark /l/ regionally, with a general trend being a move from clear to dark as one moves from North to South within England, and post-vocalic /l/ frequently being vocalized in the South-east. The clear-to-dark trend is reversed in Wales, where [l] is more characteristic of the south and [Ɨ] of the north in all positions. Dark [Ɨ] is a feature of Scottish English, and vocalization exists as both historically- and modern sociolinguistically-conditioned features.

 

There is an essential division between the principal rhotic areas of the British Isles, situated in Scotland, Ireland, South-west England and part of Northern England centred on southern Lancashire, and the non-rhotic areas of the majority of England and Wales. However, rhoticity is not categorical in rhotic regions; Northumberland in Northern England, the English of Welsh-speaking areas of Wales, parts of southern Wales with close cultural links with South-west England, and the Channel Islands also display the feature to varying degrees. Phonetic realizations of /r/ vary widely: in Scotland postalveolar [ɹ], retroflex [ɻ] and tap or flap [ɾ] are variably found, their presence determined by phonetic environments and sociolinguistics, and Ireland has [ɹ] and [ɻ]; /r/ in England is generally postalveolar or retrofl ex, with a characteristic uvular variety surviving in Northumberland; and uvular [ʁ] is also found as a rare form in north Wales. Intrusive /r/ is normal in non-rhotic areas.

الاكثر قراءة في Phonology

Minimal pairs and sets

Aspiration

Assimilations

Phones and allophones

Feature geometry

The Sonority Sequencing Generalization

Bukusu: nasal+consonant combinations

Finding the underlying form

The Northern Cities Shift

Major class features

Standard lexical sets

Allophony in other languages

Place of articulation

Natural classes

Dissimilation

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

مؤتمر السيد المجاهد يشهد عرض فيلم وثائقي عن سيرته العلمية ومشروع إحياء تراثه

بحث حوزوي يتناول التمييز بين المعجزة والسحر عند السيد المجاهد

بحث يناقش أثر القواعد العقلية في استنباط الأحكام الشرعية عند السيد محمد المجاهد

بحث علمي يناقش ردود السيد المجاهد على اللغويين والنحويين في كتابه (مفاتيح الأصول)

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

هل توقيت نشاطك اليومي يؤثر على صحة دماغك؟.. العلماء يجيبون

"مشروب محبوب" يخفي فوائد لا يعرفها كثيرون

طبيب يكشف 5 أنواع للسعال.. بعضها خطير

نقص فيتامينات "خفي".. قد يفسّر التعب والتنميل وقلة التركيز

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

دراسة: تغيّرات في أسلوب القيادة قد تكشف مبكرا عن الخرف !

عمرها 773 ألف سنة.. اكتشاف أقدم أحافير بشرية في المغرب

"اختراق علمي".. اختبار دم في منزلك قد يكشف ألزهايمر

ماذا يحدث للجسم عند قطع الكافيين فجأة؟

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast