In Chapter 6 we learned that proteins possess a definite sequence of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. Aminoacyl-tRNA molecules participate in the formation of these bonds in two ways. First, they bring activated amino acids to the reaction. They also serve as adapters between the various three-base codons in the messenger RNA and the actual amino acids to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. Because different tRNA molecules must be distinguishable at the step of attaching amino acids, they differ in structure (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the tRNA molecules must also possess important structural features in common so that the tRNA molecules may be used in peptide bond formation at the ribosome. Formation of a peptide bond is energetically unfavorable and is assisted at the step of bond formation by the energy in the amino acid-tRNA bond. This is an ester to the 3’ hydroxyl at the invariant -C-C-A end of the tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid, form these bonds. The formation of the ester bonds, activation, occurs in two steps. First the enzyme links

the amino acid to AMP, and then transfers it to the 3’ terminal adenosine of the tRNA (Fig2).

Fig1. The cloverleaf structure of a charged tRNA. Filled circles represent variable bases.

Fig2. The structure of the aminoacylated adenine at the end of a charged tRNA molecule.

Some synthetases activate the 2’-hydroxyl of the terminal base of tRNA, others activate the 3’, and some activate both the 2’ and 3’ hydroxyls, but the differences probably do not matter because after the aminoacyl-tRNA is released from the enzyme, the aminoacyl group on the tRNA migrates back and forth.

مواضيع ذات صلة

Fidelity of Aminoacylation

Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions

GENE TRANSCRIPTION

كيف نكشف عن هوية الشخص الجينية

طرق توسيم المجسات (labeling of probes) للكشف عن الجين الهدف

الـ PCR المتزامن الكمي (quantitative Real time PCR)

الـ PCR ذو البداية الحارة (hot start PCR)

Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions

Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins

Secondary Structure Predictions

Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure

RNA Heterogeneity