Before trying to detect lac repressor, Gilbert and Müller-Hill estimated the signal that could be expected in the equilibrium assay and decided that they were unlikely to detect wild-type repressor. Let us examine such a calculation. Two quantities are needed: the dissociation constant of repressor for IPTG and the concentration of repressor in cell extracts.

To make a crude guess of the dissociation constant of IPTG from lac repressor, assume that the basal level of the lac operon is proportional to the fraction of lac operator uncomplexed with repressor. Assume also that this fraction is doubled if the effective repressor concentration is halved. Consequently, the basal level of the operon is doubled when half the total repressor in the cell is bound to IPTG and half is free of IPTG. The concentration of IPTG at which the 50-50 binding occurs and the enzyme level is twice the basal level equals the dissociation constant for IPTG binding to repressor. Although this concentration of IPTG could be measured in reasonably straightforward experiments, it can be calculated from data already known. The lac operon can be induced a thousandfold and is half-maximally induced by 2 × 10^-4 M IPTG (Fig. 1). Roughly, then, at an IPTG concentration of (2 × 10^-4)/500 = 4 × 10^-7 M IPTG, the level of expression of the lac operon will be twice the basal level. Consequently an estimate of the dissociation constant of lac repressor and IPTG is 4 × 10^-7 M.

Fig1. The relation between free repressor concentration and the induction level of the lac operon. X marks the position where [IPTG] = KD. At this point repressor concentration has fallen to half, and the basal level has doubled.

The volume of a cell is 10^-12 cm³ = 10^-15 liter. Using this value, a packed cell pellet is 10¹⁵/(6 × 10²³), or about 10^-9 M in cells. If a cell contains 10 repressor molecules, the concentration of repressor in a packed cell pellet is 10^-8 M. A cell lysate cannot easily be made at a higher concentration than that obtained by opening cells in a packed cell pellet. Hence a reasonable estimate for the concentration of repressor in the equilibrium dialysis assay is 10^-8 M.

If high specific activity radioactive IPTG is available, it can be used in the assay at a concentration well below the KD estimated above. Therefore the ratio of the radioactivities contained in samples of equal volumes taken from inside and outside the sack is

which is less than can be reliably detected.

مواضيع ذات صلة

An Assay for lac Repressor

Proving lac Repressor is a Protein

The Role of Inducer Analogs in the Study of the lac Operon

Background of the lac Operon

Mutagenesis with Chemically Synthesized DNA

Altering Cloned DNA by in vitro Mutagenesis

Footprinting, Premodification and Missing Contact Probing

Megabase Sequencing

DNA Fingerprinting—Forensics

Isolation of Rare Sequences Utilizing PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Southern, Northern, and Western Transfers