Within a minute after injection into the host, the complementary ends of the lambda DNA anneal to each other and are covalently joined by the DNA ligase of the host. Supercoiling of the circle by DNA gyrase is then possible, and the DNA rapidly acquires the superhelical density necessary for maximum activity of the phage early promoters P_L and P_R. These are located on either side of CI.

As on all promoters, initiation of transcription from the promoters P_L and P_R is followed by the dissociation of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase after the polynucleotide chains have reached a length of 6 to 15 nucleotides. Then a host protein, the NusA product, binds to RNA polymerase. Nus stands for N utilization substance. Most likely it binds in the site previously occupied by the sigma subunit because only one or the other of these proteins can bind to RNA polymerase at once.

The RNA polymerase molecules elongate past the point where the sigma and NusA subunits exchange and they transcribe through the N

gene on the left and the cro gene on the right. This is all that happens at this stage of the lambda infection, for just beyond these genes the RNA polymerase pauses, assisted by the NusA protein, and the host transcription terminator, rho, releases the RNA chain and RNA polymerase from the DNA (Fig. 1). This pausing and termination occurs at the first transcription termination sites in the P_L and P_R operons, tL1 and tR1. Additional terminators with slightly different properties, tL2 and tR2, lie farther downstream in both operons. As a result of tL1 and tR1, the first stage of lambda vegetative growth is confined to the accumulation of N and Cro proteins.

Fig1. The sigma subunit dissociates from RNA polymerase and is replaced by the NusA protein. At the terminator, the rho protein interacts with the complex and releases RNA and RNA polymerase.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Genotoxicity Through Potential Off-target Nuclease - Induced Double - Strand Breaks

A Broad Range of Genomic Changes by Homologous Recombination–Mediated Genome Editing

Lambda’s Relatives and Lambda Hybrids

The Genetic Structure of Lambda

The Physical Structure of Lambda

Other Attenuated Systems: Operons, Bacillus subtilis and HIV

Coupling Translation to Termination

trp Multiple Secondary Structures in trp Leader RNA

Early Explorations of the Hypersynthesis

The Serendipitous Discovery of trp Enzyme Hypersynthesis

Rapid Induction Capabilities of the trp Operon

The Aromatic Amino Acid Synthetic Pathway and its Regulation