Like most systems, deeper understanding of transposition requires learning the biochemical details of the transposition reactions. This, in turn, requires assay of the reaction and the use of purified components. One convenient assay for transposition utilizes a plasmid containing the DNA sites involved in a transposition reaction. Rearrangement of segments of the plasmid resulting from transposition will change the sizes Experiments with a plasmid containing two res sites of Tn3 showed that resolution would proceed in vivo in the presence of a Tn3 with a functional resolvase gene. The reaction would also take place in vitro upon the addition of purified resolvase. This reaction occurred, however, only if the plasmid DNA was supercoiled and if the two res sites on the plasmid were correctly oriented. Reversing one blocked the reaction, in contrast to what is seen with lambda phage where the excision reaction will proceed with the att sites in either orientation with respect to one another.

Why should an orientation requirement exist? We might expect that the two sites encounter each other by random flailings about of the DNA, in which case, there could be no orientation requirement. One attractive hypothesis to explain the orientation requirement is threading. Once the protein binds one site, it reaches the other by crawling along the DNA, thus preserving its knowledge of the orientation of the first site. Threading the DNA through the protein until the second site arrives at the protein accomplishes the same end.

The requirement for a specific orientation for the transposition sites can be explained in a different way. Suppose that the sites had to interact in a specific orientation at the time of transposition. Due to negative supercoiling, two sites which are in inverted repeat orientation on a circular DNA molecule will interact in a parallel orientation (Fig. 1). Interacting in an antiparallel orientation would require massive rearrangement of the supercoils and would be highly unlikely to occur.

Fig1. Well-separated in verted repeats of a sequence on a circle can be adjacent to one another and parallel when the circle is supercoiled.

The two possible explanations for the orientation requirement of the interacting sites of the Mu-Tn3 class of transposons can be tested by making use of the lambda phage integration enzymes. After a plasmid containing Mu sites which are flanked by lambda phage attachment sites has supercoiled itself, then reaction between the lambda att sites can be performed. Such an interaction should have little effect upon the overall supercoiled structure of the plasmid. Yet, if the sites are in one orientation, the reaction will invert the Mu sites, and if the lambda att sites are in the opposite orientation, the reaction will generate two separate DNA molecules, each containing one of the Mu sites (Fig. 2). Neither orientation of the lambda att sites had any effect on the Mu transposition reaction. This result shows that tracking is not used by the Mu enzymes to determine the transposition sites’ orientations, but rather it is the orientation of the sites with respect to one another in the supercoiled DNA that matters.

Fig2. Action of lambda phage Int protein on a circle containing the Mu ends can separate it into two chemically separate circles without dramatically altering the wrapping structure in the vicinity of the Mu ends.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Membrane Proteins

An Invertible Segment of Mu Phage

Mu Phage As a Giant Transposable Element

Inverting DNA Segments by Recombination, Flagellin Synthesis

Discovery of Tn Elements

Structure and Properties of IS Elements

IS Elements in Bacteria

Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration

Structure of the Intasome

In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision

Inhibition By a Downstream Element

Demonstrating Xis is Unstable