Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
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Past
Past Simple
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Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
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Future Simple
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Future Perfect Continuous
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Subject pronoun
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Reflexive pronoun
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Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
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Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
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Phrase preposition
Double preposition
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Forming questions
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invitation
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Assessment
U-SHAPED DEVELOPMENT
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P312
2025-10-22
375
+
-
20
U-SHAPED DEVELOPMENT
A process in first and second language acquisition where a syntactic feature appears to have been acquired but is later used or formed incorrectly. Often quoted is a finding that many children use the correct irregular past tense forms in English (went, fell) but then go on to use incorrect forms in-ed (wented, goed, falled). In due course, the correct form is restored.
Initial mastery of language may well be holistic: the child acquiring inflected words as individual units without recognising the system that links, for example, walked to its stem walk. Similarly, irregular forms such as broke or went are probably first acquired as if they were simple items of vocabulary. However, at some stage, the child comes to recognise that morphology is rule-governed. Its reaction is then to over-generalise the rules it has extrapolated (‘for past tense, add-ed’), replacing irregular forms with regularised ones. In time, evidence from adult speech leads it to restrict the application of the-ed rule and to reinstate the irregular forms.
A connectionist computer program has simulated the trial-and error learning of regular and irregular past tense forms in English. The learning process manifested exactly the kind of U-shaped development that has been observed naturalistically.
See also: Over-generalisation, Syntactic development
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
