

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
WRAP UP EFFECTS
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P328
2025-10-27
442
WRAP UP EFFECTS
Effects which mark the point at which the reader or listener constructs a higher-level meaning representation and no longer retains the verbatim form (the actual words) of a clause or sentence.
The clause appears to be an important unit of processing in reading and listening (and indeed in speaking and writing, where whole clauses are held in a buffer ready for production). When listeners are presented with two consecutive sentences, their ability to recall the actual words they have heard begins to decline at the end of the first sentence. It seems that henceforth the actual words are no longer available in working memory. It may be that the effort of imposing a syntactic structure on the string of words is so demanding that WM can no longer hold on to verbatim text as well. Or it may simply be that the words are no longer needed and efficiency demands that they be dropped.
Similar ‘wrap up’ effects have been demonstrated in reading. When subjects have to press a space bar in order to bring up the words of a text on a computer screen, they slow down at clause and sentence boundaries. The more clauses a sentence contains, the greater the slowdown at syntactic boundaries– suggesting that it takes longer to integrate each new chunk as the mental representation becomes more and more complex.
Note that sentence wrap up effects do not demonstrate that processing is delayed until the end of the clause. Processing takes place on-line (as the stimulus is received). Wrap up effects occur when it becomes necessary to impose a pattern on what has been processed.
See also: Syntactic parsing, Verbatim recall
Further reading: Singer (1990: 41–7)
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