Self-monitoring

One prompt that might result in speakers wanting to repair errors in their own output is feedback that listeners give when they have not understood something. However, there is plenty of evidence that not all repairs are in response to external feedback. Speakers will repair even when the listener does not give any spoken or visual indication that they have not under stood, and they will repair when producing a monologue, or in restricted dialogue situations such as on the telephone. This indicates that speakers carry out monitoring of their own speech as they produce it.

There are a number of aspects of speech that speakers monitor, relating to the levels of the production process that have been discussed in the preceding chapters. At a high level, speakers may check whether the message that they are expressing is the one that they want to utter at this stage. Their monitoring may tell them, for instance, that there is a better or more logical way of organising the message, or that they need to explain some key concept before continuing. In the monologue example in Chapter 1, for instance, the speaker utters the sequence 5.1. He interrupts what he was saying to add the information about where Rome airport is, relative to the city itself.

At another level, speakers check that the words they have chosen are the best ones for what they want to say. Another extract from the monologue shows this:

Similarly, checks may be made that the correct grammatical structures are being used, that is, the correct syntax and morphology. However, evidence for this is somewhat sparser – speakers and listeners are perhaps more concerned with content than with detail of the form.

Speakers also monitor for errors in pronunciation, including errors in the prosodic patterns of speech, such as stress placement in words. Again, the extent to which such errors are detected and corrected seems to depend on their miscommunication value.

As data reported in the next section show, there is also monitoring for contextual appropriateness. Speakers check for example whether the words they are using or are about to use are the best way of saying something in the present context or conversational setting.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

سماحة السيد الصافي يكرم عددًا من عوائل الشهداء ضمن فعاليات مهرجان روح النبوة النسوي العالمي الثامن

إحدى أمهات الشهداء: نعتز بتضحيات أبنائنا ونفتخر بشهادتهم دفاعًا عن الدين والمقدسات

ضمن فعاليات مهرجان روح النبوة… عرض فيلم يوثق نشاطات الشعب النسوية في العتبة العباسية المقدسة

فعاليات مهرجان روح النبوة الثقافي تشهد تقديم أوبريت الثقلين القرآني

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

طبيب يكشف أفضل مكمل غذائي لتحسين المزاج ودعم الصحة النفسية

دراسة جديدة تكشف أضرار الأطعمة الجاهزة على القلب ؟

6 أطعمة طبيعية تهدئ الزكام دون أدوية.. تعرف عليهم

ماذا يحدث لأعراض الزكام عند تناول الثوم بانتظام؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

ابتكار ثوري في بطاريات السيارات الكهربائية.. سعة أعلى 4 مرات

ماذا يحدث لجسمك عند شرب الماء الساخن يوميا؟

7 فوائد "خفية" لشرب شاي الكركديه كل يوم

دراسة تكشف قدرة الحيتان على سماع الأصوات منخفضة وعالية التردد من مسافة بعيدة

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Primary and compound metaphors

Primary Metaphor Theory

Hiding and highlighting

The conceptual nature of metaphor

Invariance

Metaphors and image schemas

Metaphor systems

Metaphorical entailments

Motivation for target and source

The unidirectionality of metaphor

Conceptual Metaphor Theory

What is metaphor?