Overview of Herpesvirus Diseases
المؤلف:
Stefan Riedel, Jeffery A. Hobden, Steve Miller, Stephen A. Morse, Timothy A. Mietzner, Barbara Detrick, Thomas G. Mitchell, Judy A. Sakanari, Peter Hotez, Rojelio Mejia
المصدر:
Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology
الجزء والصفحة:
28e , p475
2025-11-08
63
A wide variety of diseases are associated with infection by herpesviruses. Primary infection and reactivated disease by a given virus may involve different cell types and present different clinical pictures.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections in neurons. Type 1 is classically associated with oropharyngeal lesions and causes recurrent attacks of “fever blisters.” Type 2 primarily infects the genital mucosa and is mainly responsible for genital herpes, though the anatomical specificity of these viruses is diminishing. Both viruses can also cause neurologic disease. HSV-1 is the leading viral cause of sporadic encephalitis in the United States. Both types 1 and 2 can cause neonatal infections that are often severe.
VZV causes chickenpox (varicella) on primary infection and establishes latent infection in neurons. Upon reactivation, the virus causes herpes zoster (shingles). Adults who are infected for the first time with varicella-zoster virus can develop serious viral pneumonia.
CMV replicates in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, salivary glands, and kidneys and persists in lymphocytes. It causes an infectious mononucleosis (heterophile antibody-negative). In newborns, disseminated cytomegalic inclusion disease may occur. CMV is an important cause of congenital defects, neonatal hearing loss, and mental retardation.
EBV replicates in epithelial cells of the oropharynx and parotid gland and establishes latent infections in lymphocytes. It causes infectious mononucleosis and can induce human lymphoproliferative disorders, especially in immunocompromised patients.
HHV-6 infects T lymphocytes. It is typically acquired in early infancy and causes exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) as well as infections in immunocompromised patients. HHV-7, also a T-lymphotropic virus, has not yet been definitively linked to any specific disease. HHV-8 is associated with the development of Kaposi sarcoma, a vascular tumor that is common in patients with AIDS.
Herpes B virus of macaque monkeys can infect humans upon exposure to live animals or tissue samples. Such infections are rare, but those that occur usually result in severe neurologic disease and are frequently fatal.
Human herpesviruses are frequently reactivated in the elderly and immunosuppressed patients (eg, transplant recipients and cancer patients) and may cause severe disease, such as pneumonia or lymphomas.
Herpesviruses have been linked with malignant diseases in humans and lower animals: EBV with Burkitt lymphoma of African children, with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and with other lymphoproliferative disorders; KSHV with Kaposi sarcoma; Marek disease virus with a lymphoma of chickens; and a number of primate herpesviruses with reticulum cell sarcomas and lymphomas in monkeys.
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