Categorisation and idealised cognitive models Summary

In this chapter we outlined the classical theory of categorisation, which assumes necessary and sufficient conditions, and identified the problems inherent in this approach. We then looked in some detail at prototype theory, the model of categorisation that emerged from research carried out by cognitive psychologist Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues. This research revealed that many categories have prototype structure rather than definitional structure. In addition, Rosch found that categories for concrete objects are most informative at the basic level. However, we saw that assumptions concerning the direct ‘translation’ of Rosch’s findings into a model of knowledge representation gave rise to a number of problems. We then looked at how the empirical findings from this research inspired the development of Lakoff’s theory of idealised cognitive models (ICMs). The main claim to emerge from this research was that typicality effects are surface phenomena, arising from under lying ICMs of various kinds. Lakoff argues that prototype structure is not to be directly equated with conceptual structure and organisation, but that typicality effects emerge from three sources: mismatches between ICMs; one sub category becoming primary in a cluster model; and metonymic ICMs. The latter two types of ICM additionally give rise to radial categories which give rise to a fourth source of typicality effect. Finally, we examined the nature of ICMs in more detail and looked at the various ways in which they are structured. Lakoff argues that ICMs structure mental spaces (entities that serve as the locus for on-line conceptualisation) by providing the background knowledge that structures these mental spaces. ICMs can be structured in a range of ways. We considered image schematic ICMs, propositional ICMs, metaphoric ICMs, metonymic ICMs and symbolic ICMs. We will return immediately to metaphor and metonymy in the next chapter. We return to radial categories in Chapter 10 and to mental spaces in Chapter 11.

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المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Metaphor and metonymy

The structure of ICMs

Addressing the problems with prototype theory

Radial categories as a further source of typicality effects

Sources of typicality effects

The theory of idealised cognitive models

Problems with prototype theory

The horizontal dimension

The vertical dimension

The categorisation system

Principles of categorization

Prototype theory