MULTIPLE  ELECTRONS: THE  MERCURY  SPECTRUM

        Unlike sodium, mercury has two valence electrons. These two electrons may have their spins in opposite directions, in which case they effectively cancel each other out, resulting in a spin of s = 0. The subscript j, then, is simply the orbital angular momentum l. If the spins are in the same direction, the contribution from spin is s = 1. Consider the 6S state. l = 0, but spin can contribute a value of 0 or 1, so the 3S state becomes two states: 6S₀ and 6S₁. The 6P state, with l = 0 or 1, can now yield values for j of 0, 1, and 2. These levels are designated as 6³P₀, 6³P₁ , and 6³P₂ , where the superscript 3 denotes that the multiplicity of the level is three.

      Where two electrons are considered, there are two basic types of spin states, triplets and singlets. A triplet results from a group of three symmetric states for spin in which the resulting total spin is -1, 0, or +‏1, yielding j values of 0, 1, and 2, as stated above. A singlet results when the spin of an excited electron is antiparallel to that of the remainder of the atom or molecule: an asymmetric state where the total combined spin is 0. Consider the simplest two-electron example in helium with two electrons: If the excited electron has a spin in the direction opposite to that of the remaining ground-state electron (which stays in a 1s state), a singlet results (with the excited species called parahelium); if the spin of the excited electron is in the same direction parallel to that of the remaining ground-state electron, a triplet results (with the excited species called orthohelium).

      Transitions resulting from this splitting of energy levels in an atom such as mercury show a triplet of three spectral lines. Unlike the closely spaced lines of the doublet in the previous example, these lines will be separated by a much larger spacing, since the energy difference between these levels is much larger. In the case of the 6P₂ level, both electrons are spinning in the same direction as that of angular orbital momentum, so the energy is the lowest in this case. Another feature of multielectron atoms is the fact that no two electrons can have exactly the

Figure 1.1. Mercury energy levels and the fine structure.

same quantum numbers. This is, of course, the Pauli exclusion principle and guides us in understanding why an S shell can hold only two electrons and a P shell only six electrons.

مواضيع ذات صلة

الليزرات والسوائل التي تصعد إلى الأعلى

الليزر والميزر

Flashtube Explosion

Tube Failure

Plane–Parallel Resonator

Concave–Convex Resonator

Plano-Concave Resonator

Mirrors of Equal Curvature

Parasitic Oscillations

Prelasing

Depopulation Losses

The Three-Level System