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نظرية البيان
Unit Square Integral
المؤلف:
Bailey, D. H.; Borwein, J. M.; Calkin, N. J.; Girgensohn, R.; Luke, D. R.; and Moll, V. H
المصدر:
Experimental Mathematics in Action. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 2007.
الجزء والصفحة:
...
17-9-2018
4694
Unit Square Integral
Integrals over the unit square arising in geometric probability are
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(1) |
which give the average distances in square point picking from a point picked at random in a unit square to a corner and to the center, respectively.
Unit square integrals involving the absolute value are given by
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(2) |
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(3) |
for
and
, respectively.
Another simple integral is given by
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(4) |
(Bailey et al. 2007, p. 67). Squaring the denominator gives
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(5) |
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(6) |
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(7) |
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(8) |
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(9) |
(OEIS A093754; M. Trott, pers. comm.), where
is Catalan's constant and
is a generalized hypergeometric function. A related integral is given by
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(10) |
which diverges in the Riemannian sense, as can quickly seen by transforming to polar coordinates. However, taking instead Hadamard integral to discard the divergent portion inside the unit circle gives
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(11) |
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(12) |
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(13) |
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(14) |
(OEIS A093753), where
is Catalan's constant.
A collection of beautiful integrals over the unit square are given by Guillera and Sondow (2005) that follow from the general integrals
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(15) |
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(16) |
for
,
if
, and
if
, where
is the gamma function and
is the Lerch transcendent. In (15), to handle the case
, take the limit as
, which gives (16).
Another result is
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(17) |
(Guillera and Sondow 2005), for
and where
is the digamma function.
Guillera and Sondow (2005) also give
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(18) |
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(19) |
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(20) |
where the first holds for
, the second and third for
,
is the Riemann zeta function,
is the Dirichlet eta function, and
is the Dirichlet beta function. (19) was found by Hadjicostas (2002) for
an integer. Formulas (18) and (19) are special cases of (16) obtained by setting
then taking
and
, respectively.
The beautiful formulas
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(21) |
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(22) |
were given by Beukers (1979). These integrals are special cases of (19) obtained by taking
and 1, respectively. An analog involving Catalan's constant
is given by
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(23) |
(Zudilin 2003).
Other beautiful integrals related to Hadjicostas's formula are given by
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(24) |
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(25) |
(Sondow 2003, 2005; Borwein et al. 2004, p. 49), where
is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
A collection of other special cases (Guillera and Sondow 2005) includes
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(26) |
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(27) |
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(28) |
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(29) |
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(30) |
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(31) |
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(32) |
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(33) |
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(34) |
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(35) |
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(36) |
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(37) |
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(38) |
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(39) |
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(40) |
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(41) |
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(42) |
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(43) |
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(44) |
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(45) |
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(46) |
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(47) |
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(48) |
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(49) |
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(50) |
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(51) |
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(52) |
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(53) |
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(54) |
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(55) |
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(56) |
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(57) |
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(58) |
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(59) |
where
is the Riemann zeta function,
is Apéry's constant,
is the golden ratio,
is Somos's quadratic recurrence constant, and
is the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant. Equation (57) appears in Sondow (2005), but is a special case of the type considered by Guillera and Sondow (2005).
Corresponding single integrals over
for most of these integrals can be found by making the change of variables
,
. The Jacobian then gives
, and the new limits of integration are {X,0,1}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/UnitSquareIntegral/Inline200.gif" style="height:14px; width:50px" />,
{Y,X,1}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/UnitSquareIntegral/Inline201.gif" style="height:14px; width:52px" />. Doing the integral with respect to
then gives a 1-dimensional integral over
. For details, see the first part of the proof of Guillera-Sondow's Theorem 3.1.
REFERENCES:
Bailey, D. H.; Borwein, J. M.; Calkin, N. J.; Girgensohn, R.; Luke, D. R.; and Moll, V. H. Experimental Mathematics in Action. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 2007.
Beukers, F. "A Note on the Irrationality of
and
." Bull. London Math. Soc. 11, 268-272, 1979.
Borwein, J.; Bailey, D.; and Girgensohn, R. Experimentation in Mathematics: Computational Paths to Discovery. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 2004.
Guillera, J. and Sondow, J. "Double Integrals and Infinite Products for Some Classical Constants Via Analytic Continuations of Lerch's Transcendent." 16 June 2005. http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NT/0506319.
Hadjicostas, P. "Some Generalizations of Beukers' Integrals." Kyungpook Math. J. 42, 399-416, 2002.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A093753 and A093754 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."
Sondow, J. "Criteria for Irrationality of Euler's Constant." Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 131, 3335-3344, 2003. http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NT/0209070.
Sondow, J. "Double Integrals for Euler's Constant and
and an Analog of Hadjicostas's Formula." Amer. Math. Monthly 112, 61-65, 2005.
Zudilin, W. "An Apéry-Like Difference Equation for Catalan's Constant." Electronic J. Combinatorics 10, No. 1, R14, 1-10, 2003. http://www.combinatorics.org/Volume_10/Abstracts/v10i1r14.html.
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)