New Kind of Science

A New Kind of Science is a seminal work on simple programs by Stephen Wolfram. In 1980, Wolfram's studies found unexpected behavior in a collection of simple computer experiments. From these, he developed a methodology for tackling fundamental problems in science, from the origins of apparent randomness in physical systems, the development of complexity in biology, the ultimate scope and limitations of mathematics, the possibility of a fundamental theory of physics, the interplay between free will and determinism, and the character of intelligence in the universe. The book, also available online, contains a full account of Wolfram's studies and discoveries.

REFERENCES:

Allouche, J.-P. and Shallit, J. Automatic Sequences: Theory, Applications, Generalizations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Weisstein, E. "A New Kind of Science in Stores Now." MathWorld headline news. May 14, 2002. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/news/2002-05-14/nks/.

Wolfram, S. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2002.

Wolfram, S. "A New Kind of Science Online." http://www.wolframscience/nksonline/.

Wolfram, S. "Programs from the Notes." http://www.wolframscience.com/nks/programs/.

Wolfram, S. "A New Kind of Science Explorer." http://www.wolframscience.com/nksx/.