Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
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Semiotics
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Elementary
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Spatial parts
المؤلف:
Patrick Griffiths
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Semantics And Pragmatics
الجزء والصفحة:
44-3
12-2-2022
1046
+
-
20
Spatial parts
A prototype thing, such as a rock, can be said to have a top, a bottom (or base), sides and a front and back. Two points need to be noted about these words. One is that they are general: very many different kinds of thing – windows, heads, faces, feet, buses, trees, canyons, to randomly name just a few – have tops, bottoms, sides, fronts and backs. In Section 3.2 this will be explained in terms of a thing having spatial parts, making the possession of such parts characteristic of prototypes in the thing-category. The other notable feature of spatial part words is that they are often deictic.
Pragmatics enters the interpretation of deictic words. As explained, the meaning of a deictic word is tied to the situation of utterance. The front of a rock faces the speaker and the back of a rock faces away from the speaker, and the sides are to the left and right from the point of view of the speaker. What counts as the top of the rock and what counts as the bottom or base of the rock depends on which way up the rock happens to be lying at the time of utterance. However, many things – bus is a good example – inherently have a non-deictic top, bottom, front and back, and sides. The top of a bus is its roof, even in the dire case of one lying overturned at the side of the road; the front of a bus is the driver’s end of it, regardless of where the speaker is viewing it from; and so on. It is with things that do not inherently have these parts that the deictic top, bottom, front, back and sides come into play. Notice that a rescue worker who is standing “on top” (as one might say deictically) of an overturned bus is not on the top (part) of the bus. The list in Table 3.1 gives further examples.
There are additional subtleties that would have to be dealt with in a fuller account. For instance, it is possible to cede deictic centrality to someone being addressed, as when – speaking from behind a tree – a person says: “Just open your eyes and you’ll see the notice: (from where you are) it’s pinned on the front of the tree.”
الاكثر قراءة في Semantics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
