Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Pragmatic Acts Introduction
المؤلف:
Jonathan Culpeper and Michael Haugh
المصدر:
Pragmatics and the English Language
الجزء والصفحة:
155-6
17-5-2022
546
Pragmatic Acts
Introduction
Traditionally, philosophers of language such as Bertrand Russell, Gottlob Frege and Rudolph Carnap, have focused on the truth value of sentences, that is whether a sentence is a true or false representation of real-world facts or conditions. They have been particularly interested in linguistic manipulations of the truth value of sentences. Compare:
If (a) is true, then (b) is false; if (b) is true, then (a) is false. In his later works, Wittgenstein, however, took an entirely different tack, arguing that language was a social activity and that “the meaning of a word is its use in the language” (1953: §43, 20, cited in Bach 2004: 463). Use in language is very much what pragmatics is about. But if we are studying usage, then in fact we are not simply studying sentences, or words, or any other traditional linguistic unit. Many pragmatics scholars deploy the notion of the utterance. Utterances are not abstract like sentences. Sentences can, for example, be realized as many different utterances (think, for example, of the different prosodies with which the sentence I’m sorry could be uttered). Some utterances do have an aspect that can be analyzed in terms of their truth value, but some do not. As exemplified by (a) and (b) above, utterances that have the form of declarative sentences are the main focus of many academic studies, because they express propositions or states of affairs which are truth conditional, that is, the state of affairs represented through the proposition can be evaluated against real-world conditions. This is not the case (or at least not straightforwardly the case) with interrogative or imperative sentences. Moreover, utterances do not even require traditional words in order to be pragmatically meaningful. Asking whether, say, the expressions ah or oh are true or not is simply an irrelevant question. Instead, the utterances are geared towards doing things – towards expressing surprise, confirming, acknowledging and so on. One drawback with the notion of utterance, which we should briefly mention, is that it suggests meanings are simply generated by speech. Of course, writing does this too. More particularly, the term utterance does not capture non-verbal meanings. For example, nodding one’s head is a way of expressing the affirmative in a number of English-speaking cultures. More accurately then, we are dealing with pragmatic behaviors generally, though we shall focus on utterances in particular.
We will elaborate on actions constituting interaction. We start from traditional speech act theory, then discuss the ways in which it has been applied, along with some of its deficiencies, and then in the final topics we suggest some modified or alternative approaches.
الاكثر قراءة في pragmatics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الآخبار الصحية
