Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Grammar versus lexicon
المؤلف:
R.M.W. Dixon
المصدر:
A Semantic approach to English grammar
الجزء والصفحة:
95-3
2023-03-16
1021
+
-
20
Grammar versus lexicon
What is done by morphology in one language may be achieved through syntax in another. Latin (a language with fairly free word order) marks subject and object by nominative and accusative cases, respectively. English puts the subject before the verb and the object after it.
Some languages have derivational morphemes that correspond to separate lexemes in other languages. Consider the following:
(a) Warao, from Venezuela, has a verbal suffix -puhu- corresponding to the modal verb can in English. From ruhu- ‘sit’ is derived ruhu-puhu- ‘can sit’, which takes the full range of tense-aspect verbal inflections (Osborn 1967). To achieve the same semantic result, English must use the two verbs can and sit in syntactic construction within a VP.
(b) Dyirbal, from north-east Australia, has a verbal affix -yarra- ‘start’. Thus jangga-yarra-nyu (‘eat-START-PAST) is a single word, with the same meaning as started eating in English, a construction that has started as main verb and eating as a complement clause to it (Dixon 1972: 249).
(c) The Uto-Aztecan language Luisen˜o has derivational affixes -vicˇu- ‘want to’ and -ni- ‘make, force to’. From nge´e ‘leave’ can be derived nge´e vicˇu ‘want to leave’, nge´e-ni ‘make leave’ and even nge´e-vicˇu-ni-vicˇu ‘want to make want to leave’ (Langacker 1972: 76–7). Luisen˜o can achieve by a single verb what in English requires constructions involving one, two or three complement clauses.
Many other examples could be given of a concept that is expressed by a derivational process in one language but only as a separate lexical verb in another.
It is not, however, the case that anything which is a verb root in one language may be a derivational morpheme in another. Ideas like ‘lean’, ‘stir’, ‘swallow’, ‘discuss’ and ‘remember’ are always expressed by separate lexical verbs, in every language.
الاكثر قراءة في Semantics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
