Fricatives and affricates

SH, ZH, CH, J

Wood (1987: 129–130) notes that the hushing fricatives and affricates have, as well as /ʃ Ʒ ʧ ʤ​/ , two major distinctive realizations, involving hushing segments realized as (a) hissing fricatives (thus, /ʃ Ʒ ʧ ʤ​/ realized as [s z ts dz]), or as (b) backed hushing fricatives (thus, /ʃ Ʒ ʧ ʤ​/ realized as [ʃ Ʒ ʧ ʤ​]). The former set of realizations is typical of L2 (= mainly working-class, Extreme CFE) speakers, the latter of L1 (= mainly middle-class speakers); in my data (mainly from middle-class, L1 speakers), there was considerable use of backed variants. Wood suggests these are hypercorrect forms. Lanham (1982: 343) also notes the tendency (probably among L2 speakers) for /ʤ​/ to be realized as [j] (e.g. judge [jɐʧ]), as may occur also in White Afrikaans English. Wood also notes an L2-speaker tendency to substitute /s/ for /ʃ/ and vice-versa when in close proximity to following /ʃ/ or /Ʒ​/ , e.g. social ['ʃɒusəl].