Orbitals

We can apply our knowledge of quantum numbers to describe the arrangement of electrons for a given atom. We do this with something called electron configurations. They are effectively a map of the electrons for a given atom. We look at the four quantum numbers for a given electron and then assign that electron to a specific orbitals below.

Figure 1: s orbitals have no orientational preference and resemble spheres.

orbitals has a different orientation in three-dimensional space.

Figure 2 : p orbitals have an orientational preference and resemble dumbells. d Orbitals When l=2 , ml values can be −2,−1,0,+1,+2 for a total of five d orbitals. Note that all five of the orbitals have specific three-dimensional orientations.

Figure 3 :d orbitals have an orientational preference and exhibit complex structures. f Orbitals The most complex set of orbitals are the f orbitals. When l=3, ml values can be −3,−2,−1,0,+1,+2,+3 for a total of seven different orbital shapes. Again, note the specific orientations of the different f

orbitals.

Figure 4 : f orbitals have an orientational preference and exhibit quite complex structures.

Orbitals that have the same value of the principal quantum number form a shell. Orbitals within a shell are divided into subshells that have the same value of the angular quantum number. Some of the allowed combinations of quantum numbers are compared in Table 1:

Table 1: Electron Arrangement Within Energy Levels

مواضيع ذات صلة

تسمية المركبات الجزيئية Molecular Compounds

تسمية المركبات الأيونية Ionic Compounds

تسمية المركبات Naming Compounds

صيغ المركبات الأيونية Formula of Ionic Compounds

الصيغ الأولية Empirical Formulas

الصيغ الجزيئية Molecular Formulas

الأيونات Ions

الجزيئات Molecules

الجدول الدوري The Periodic Table

العدد الذري وعدد الكتلة والنظائر Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes

النيوترون The Neutron

البروتون والنواة The Proton and the Nucleus