

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Notational conventions
المؤلف:
EDWARD H. BENDIX
المصدر:
Semantics AN INTERDISCIPLINARY READER IN PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLOGY
الجزء والصفحة:
395-23
2024-08-14
1198
Notational conventions
The following notations will be used:
(a) Aux)iliary), the complex of elements which represents the obligatory choices of tense, number, person, modal auxiliary, assertion, etc. of the verb, is for simplicity symbolized by the simple third-person singular present tense of the verb.
(b) X, Y, Z are syntactic variables standing for any string of symbols in the syntactic representation of a sentence.
(c) Single quotes enclose meanings such as components, definitions, glosses, translations, or interpretations.
(d) For simplicity, A, B, C are used to represent variables or the syntactic position of noun phrase, rather than the more usual indexed NP1 NP2, NP3. Al-noun or A-noun phrase refers to the actual morpheme (string) occurring in the position A. When enclosed in single quotes, e.g. ‘A' or ‘A has B ’, the letter represents the referent of a token of the A-noun type.1
(e) Similarly, P,
, R, or ‘ P ’, ‘ Q ’, ‘ R ’, rather than S1, S2, S3, stand for sentences, schematic sentences, or semantic components in sentence form.
(f) Pj, Pj are tokens of P.
(g) AF symbolizes a function with variable A. This order, rather than the more usual f(x) or Fx, is used to simplify reading in the subject-predicate order of English. ARB, with variables A and B, stands for a relation between ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(h) The existential quantifier ‘ there is a... ’ is indicated in a definition by prefixing the indefinite article a- (an-) to the first occurrence of the quantified variable in the definition.
(i) Not- is prefixed to a whole sentence to indicate negation with wide scope and directly to a specific item in the sentence for negation with narrow scope. Thus, with narrow scope: ‘ he not-has every one ’, corresponding to ‘ he lacks every one ’; with wide scope: ‘ not- (he has every one) ’, which can mean ‘ not-he has every one ’ or ‘ he not-has every one ’ or ‘ he has not-every one’.
1 Symbol tokens are separate observable occurrences in speech. An abstract symbol type is the class of its tokens. A referent is the given thing, event, etc., real or hypothetical, that a given token is made to refer to or stand for by the symbol-using organism as utterer or hearer of the token.
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
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