Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Internal history
المؤلف:
APRIL McMAHON
المصدر:
LEXICAL PHONOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
الجزء والصفحة:
151-4
2024-12-10
151
We have already seen that RP is the descendant of the Mercian and West Saxon dialects of Old English, while Scots has Old Northumbrian as its ancestor. These southern and northern dialects of Old English developed into Southern and Northern Middle English. In the early Middle English of approximately 1250 ad, the Northern and Southern vowel inventories were markedly similar; a possible common early Middle English system is given in (4.7). Johnston (1997a: 64) gives a similar system for Older Scots, in terms of source vowels for particular lexical sets in the sense of Wells (1982).
Between the thirteenth and the seventeenth century, a plethora of sound changes affected this common system. Some applied equally in the North and the South, while others affected the systems of the two areas differently, or were restricted to one area. Details of the changes for Scots can be found in Jones (1997b), Johnston (1997a) and McMahon (1989); I shall give details of only two changes, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening and the Scottish Vowel Length Rule, with some discussion of the Great Vowel Shift where it is relevant to SVLR.
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