

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Identify retained primitive reflexes Case study
المؤلف:
Sue Soan
المصدر:
Additional Educational Needs
الجزء والصفحة:
P165-C11
2025-04-25
745
Identify retained primitive reflexes
Case study
Cassey was a great cause of concern for her teacher as she would always turn her paper to an angle of about 180 degrees to write. She also had really poor handwriting and found it extremely hard to follow anything without using a finger or marker to track the words. Many hours of handwriting practice, reading trying not to use a marker to follow and correcting the positioning of paper and books proved fruitless. Primitive Reflex: Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex.
How to help: It became very clear that Cassey could not cross her midline; that is, she could not write using her right hand when the paper was in front of the left side of her body. In very young children this reflex is seen when they move an object or toy to the middle of their bodies holding it in their right hand. When the toy crosses over the midline, the left hand will be used to move the toy. Exercises helping develop these skills can be slowly introduced to help develop this skill. Poor eye tracking can be developed by using tracking book exercises or games, as well as some specific movement work. Forcing a child to practice handwriting without dealing with the real problems just causes frustration and loss of self-confidence.
Discusion
Following these two case studies, can you identify individual children in your educational setting who may well have these motor difficulties? Identify what their difficulties are and discuss with a colleague whether motor problems may be the cause.
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