Hydrazine and hydroxylamine

Key point: Hydrazine is a weaker base than ammonia and forms two series of salts. Hydrazine, N₂H₄ , is a fuming, colourless liquid with an odour like that of ammonia. It has a liquid range similar to that of water (2 114ºC), indicating the presence of hydrogen bonding. In the liquid phase hydrazine adopts a gauche conformation around the NN bond (13).

Hydrazine is manufactured by the Raschig process, in which ammonia and sodium hypochlorite react in dilute aqueous solution. The reaction proceeds through several steps, which can be simplified to

There is a competing side reaction that is catalysed by d-metal ions:

Gelatine is added to the reaction mixture to trap the d-metal ions by forming a complex with them. The dilute aqueous solution of hydrazine so produced is converted to a concentrated solution of hydrazine hydrate, N₂H₄ .H₂O, by distillation. This product is often preferred commercially as it is cheaper than hydrazine and has a wider liquid range. Hydrazine is produced by distillation of the hydrate in the presence of a drying agent such as solid NaOH or KOH.

Hydrazine is a weaker base than ammonia:

It reacts with acids HX to form two series of salts, N₂H₅X and N₂H₆X₂. The major use of hydrazine and its methyl derivatives, CH₃NHNH₂ and (CH₃)₂NNH₂, is as a rocket fuel. Hydrazine is also used as a foam-blowing agent and as a treatment in boiler water to scavenge dissolved oxygen and prevent oxidation of pipes. Both N₂H₄ and N₂H₅ are reducing agents and are used in the recovery of precious metals.

Hydroxylamine, NH₂OH (14), is a colourless, hygroscopic solid with a low melting point (32ºC). It is usually available as one of its salts or in aqueous solution. It is a weaker base than either ammonia or hydrazine:

Anhydrous hydroxylamine can be prepared by adding sodium butoxide, NaC₄H₉ O (NaOBu), to a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 1-butanol. The NaCl produced is filtered off and the hydroxylamine precipitated by the addition of ether.

The major commercial use of hydroxylamine is in the synthesis of caprolactam, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم شؤون المعارف ينظم دورة متقدمة في تحقيق المخطوطات لملاكاته

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر العدد العشرين من مجلة دراسات إفريقية

المجمَع العلمي يكرم الأساتذة المشاركين في مشروع الدورات القرآنية الصيفية في كربلاء

العتبة العباسية المقدسة تختتم فعاليات البرنامج المركزي الأسبوعي لمنتسبيها

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

هل من الآمن شرب القهوة على معدة فارغة؟

تحذير: مرض السكري يسرق طاقة قلبك

حقيقة صادمة.. لماذا يجب أن تتوقف عن شراء الجزر الصغير؟

بعد عمر الستين.. توقيت وجبة الإفطار مؤشر على صحتك

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

تركيب مقعد الطفل بأمان في سيارتك: دليل كامل وسهل

مليار مليار عملية في الثانية.. ألمانيا تدشن الحاسوب الفائق

أخيرا.. إنستغرام يصل رسميا إلى آيباد

حل يثير جدلا طبيا.. حقنة قادرة على إخفاء الشيب من رأسك ؟!

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Phosphine, arsane, and stibine

Ammonia

Phosphides

Azides

Nitrides

Nitrogen activation

Microporous solids

Aluminosilicates

Compounds with nitrogen

Oxides of germanium, tin, and lead

Compounds of carbon with oxygen and sulfur

Tin and lead halides