

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
CONCLUDING COMMENTS ON CHALLENGING BEHAVIOR
المؤلف:
COSTAS JOANNIDES
المصدر:
Caring for People with Learning Disabilities
الجزء والصفحة:
P51-C3
2025-10-09
226
CONCLUDING COMMENTS ON CHALLENGING BEHAVIOR
When dealing with challenging behavior, it is important to recognize the range of behaviors which challenge services, and the effect that these behaviors have on both adults with learning disabilities and those who support them.
Bear in mind that behaviors have causes, many of which are identifiable and many of which are related to either the needs of adults with learning disabilities or their inability to communicate these needs effectively. Careful and comprehensive assessment of the causes and functions of behavior is essential, as are interactions which are designed to respond to the behavior, which should be non-aversive (i.e. punishment of challenging behavior is not the intervention of choice).
There are many ways of responding to challenging behavior and they include:
• Careful analysis of the environment to ensure that it supports appropriate, rather than challenging, behavior.
• Helping adults with learning disabilities to learn new skills and more appropriate ways of expressing their needs.
• Trying ‘treatment’ of the behavior, with advice from other professionals, e.g. strategies for strengthening appropriate behavior and weakening inappropriate behavior.
• Ensuring that carers know how to react in accordance with clear and agreed guidelines when the challenging behavior does occur.
Challenging behavior will probably not ‘go away’, although, with a reasoned response, it may reduce. Therefore, ways of working with adults with learning disabilities with challenging behavior need to remain in place permanently.
Long-term, effective support for carers working with adults with learning disabilities with challenging behavior is essential, as working with these situations is often stressful and difficult. Overall:
• We need people with the skills to conduct this process. As the number of people with such skills is currently rather limited, significant investment in training is required; this must be consistent and pragmatic.
• We need to develop (or identify) model services which can support training and allow more extensive evaluation and development of the approach.
• We need services which are receptive to the approach. This involves both shared understanding about the nature of challenging behavior and a willingness to make the sorts of changes to service practices which are required.
• We need appropriate research programs and data gathering for reflective and evaluative analysis.
Finally, it is hoped that in combining the above and outlining some understanding of challenging behaviors, we will create a potential to improve progressively the lifestyles of adults with learning disabilities at risk of challenging behavior and support their full inclusion, creating valued lives in the community with appropriate social standards.
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