

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Which dictionary?
المؤلف:
Rochelle Lieber
المصدر:
Introducing Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
13-2
14-1-2022
814
Which dictionary?
Dictionaries come in all shapes and sizes, for all sorts of intended audiences. Size and audience are determined by individual publishers, and indeed the finished product is shaped by all sorts of market forces. And makers of dictionaries – lexicographers – are of course human; what gets into dictionaries has historically been subject to the individual foibles of lexicographers, not to mention the mores of society.
it was typical for dictionaries not to have taboo words like f*ck, much less its derivatives f*cking, f*ck up, f*ckable, f*ck all, and f*cker, all of which can be found today in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary; but until the 1970s, dictionaries avoided words that might offend. It is perhaps safe to say that individual or societal foibles play less of a role in dictionarymaking today, but it’s still a good idea to keep in mind that neither lexicographers nor the dictionaries they create are infallible.
Our first problem with giving final authority for wordhood to the dictionary, then, follows from the very concrete and temporal nature of dictionaries: if you look up a word in a pocket dictionary, or even a standard college desk dictionary, and it isn’t listed, you might still have the nagging suspicion that a bigger dictionary or a more specialized dictionary might list the word. But even if you check the largest available dictionary – say, for English the Oxford English Dictionary On-line – or the most complete technical dictionary in a particular field, can you be sure that a word that’s not listed isn’t a word? Maybe it’s too new a word to have gotten into the dictionary yet.
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