Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
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Elementary
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Government
المؤلف: CHARLES J. FILLMORE
المصدر: Semantics AN INTERDISCIPLINARY READER IN PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLOGY
الجزء والصفحة: 388-22
2024-08-13
572
Once a specific predicate word is inserted into a deep-structure, its presence may call for certain modifications in the rest of the sentence. The typical case of this is what is known as ‘government’. For English the operation of the rules establishing ‘government’ associates prepositions with noun-phrases and ‘complementizers’ with embedded sentences and their parts.1 Thus - to consider only the association of prepositions with noun-phrases - we speak of ‘giving something to somebody’, ‘accusing somebody of something’, ‘blaming something on somebody’, ‘interesting somebody in something’, ‘acquainting somebody with something’, and so on. It is certain, of course, that many of the facts about particular choices of prepositions and complementizers are redundantly specified by other independently motivated features of predicates or are determined from the nature of the underlying case relationship, so that a minimally redundant dictionary will not need to indicate anything about the form of governed constituents directly. Until it is clear just what the needed generalizations are, however, I propose using the brute-force method and specifying the prepositions one at a time for each verb and each case relationship.
1 The term ‘complementizer’ is taken from Peter Rosenbaum, The Grammar of English Predicate Complement Constructions (1968), M.I.T. Press, and refers to the provision of that, ing, etc., in clauses embedded to predicates.