Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
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Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
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Adverbs
Relative adverbs
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Adverbs of time
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Adverbs of manner
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Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
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Linguistics fields
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pragmatics
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Naming and cognitive processes GENERAL STRATEGIES
المؤلف:
ERIC H. LENNEBERG
المصدر:
Semantics AN INTERDISCIPLINARY READER IN PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLOGY
الجزء والصفحة:
546-30
2024-08-25
422
How certain can we be that naming is actually the consequence of categorization, as claimed in the introduction, instead of its cause? If there is freedom (within limits) to categorize and recategorize, could the semantic structure of a natural language restrict the biological freedom? Is our cognitive structure influenced by the reference relationships of certain words? What would cognition be like in the absence of language?
Questions of this sort may be partially answered by following either of two strategies. We may use various features of natural languages as the independent variable and study how these affect certain features of cognitive processes; or we may use the relative presence or absence of primary language as the independent variable and see to what extent the development of cognition is dependent on language acquisition. Congenitally deaf children are the most interesting subjects if the latter approach is used.
The former approach harbors a problem that must be dealt with explicitly. It is necessary that the relationship between individual words and natural phenomena can be studied empirically so that we have an objective measure of how well or how poorly the language actually deals with one or the other phenomenon. We have discussed this matter in detail and have given reasons why the best types of words to be used in this kind of study are those that refer to sensation, in short the language of experience.
Colors have been the favorite stimulus material because their physical nature can be described relatively easily, standard stimulus material is readily available, the relative frequency of occurrence in the environment is not too likely to affect subjects’ reactions in an experiment, and perceptual qualities may also be controlled relatively easily.
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