The roles of the mating-type genes have been defined for cell-type determination. α1 is an activator of α mating-type genes, α2 is a repressor of a mating-type genes, and a1 plays no role in haploid cells (Fig. 1). To generate the a and α mating types it would suffice if α1 product activated α type genes, which otherwise would be off, and if α2 product repressed a type genes, which otherwise would be on. This, however, would not provide for correct expression in diploid cells where the haploid-specific genes must be repressed and diploid-specific genes must be turned on. Genetic experiments examining the expression of mating type-specific genes have revealed that in addition to the pattern mentioned above, in diploid cells the a1 product and α2 product com bine to form a repressor of haploid-specific genes and activator of diploid-specific genes. Without such a repressor, α type genes would be expressed in diploids. One way to start to work out the control circuitry is to isolate mutations that disrupt the normal regulation patterns.

Fig1. The various gene activating and repressing activities necessary to regulate a- and α-specific, haploid-specific, and diploid-specific genes in the three cell types of yeast. Note that α1 itself is a haploid-specific gene.

If proteins repress expression of genes located in HML and HMR, then mutations in such repressor proteins should permit expression of mating-type information from these loci. Such mutant cells could behave as a/α diploids since they would express both a and α mating-type information simultaneously if they had the two types of mating information at HML and HMR. As a result, they would be sterile for mating. Such mutants have been found. A second approach to isolation of repression negative mutants is to begin with cells that are HMLα-MATa-HMRα (Fig. 2). Even though such cells express no active mating-type information, they are of a mating type by default. Now, if a mutant loses the ability to repress at the HML or HMR loci, then that cell becomes α mating type.

Fig2. Cells can be made to switch mating type with the loss of repression at HM loci if they possess an a1- allele at MAT and cannot transfer copies from HML or HMR to MAT. As a result they switch from constitutively expressing a type genes to repressing these genes and expressing genes activated by α1.

Cells possessing the necessary genotype were mutagenized and colonies were screened for a shift from a to α mating type. This was a simple replica plating assay for mating ability. Amongst the large number of candidates screened, four repressor genes turned up. These are called the MAR or SIR genes. The existence of these genes and the behavior of strains mutant in these genes proves that repression prevents expression of mating-type genes at the HML and HMR loci.

The next question that can be asked about repression of the mating type information is where are the DNA sites that are required to generate the repression? These must lie in the DNA sequences unique to the HML and HMR loci, for otherwise the repressor SIR genes would repress mating-type information at MAT as well. Precisely where they lie could be found by deletion mapping. This was most easily done by placing an entire HML or HMR region on a yeast shuttle vector which could be introduced into yeast possessing essentially the same genotype as described above (Fig. 3). A deletion that eliminates repression of HMLα shifts the cell’s mating type from a to α. Such sites lie on both sides of HML and both sides of HMR. Currently the best guess as to the mechanism of action of silencing is that MAR or SIR gene products, histone, and other proteins organize the HM loci chromatin such that they are inaccessible to RNA polymerase but accessible for interaction with the MAT locus for gene conversion.

Fig3. Yeast of the genotype shown containing a vector carrying HMLα are a mating type unless a deletion enters the region necessary for repression of expression from HMLα.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

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المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

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أوبن أيه آي تعتزم إطلاق متصفح إنترنت يعمل بالذكاء الاصطناعي

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Sterile Mutants, Membrane Receptors and G Factors

Isolation of α2 Protein

The Expression and Recombination Paradoxes

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Phosphoinosite-3-Kinase, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways

Mating Type Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Yeast Cell Cycle

Structure and Function of TFIIIA

Switching from Oocyte to Somatic 5S Synthesis

Genome Editing of Immune Effector Cells for Safer and More Potent Cancer Therapies (CAR-T Cells)

Therapeutic Genome Editing for Hematologic Diseases: β-Thalassemia

Therapeutic Genome Editing for Hematologic Diseases: Sickle Cell Disease

TFIIIA Binding to the Middle of its Gene as Well as to RNA