

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
BIASED DECLARATIVES WITH ATTITUDINAL MARKERS
المؤلف:
Angela Downing
المصدر:
ENGLISH GRAMMAR A UNIVERSITY COURSE
الجزء والصفحة:
P139-C4
2026-05-18
20
BIASED DECLARATIVES WITH ATTITUDINAL MARKERS
Speakers also use declaratives to seek confirmation of their assumptions in a tactful way. Most simply, the declarative is accompanied by appropriate intonation: You are seeing her? You don’t mind if I stay? They are, in fact, leading questions. Frequently, certain items function as attitudinal markers to ‘draw out’ the desired information by reinforcing the speaker’s assumption:
Examples are:
I suppose you’ve heard the news? (epistemic verb)
I understand you’re leaving your job? (hearsay verb)
I hear you’ve been offered a new post? (hearsay verb)
She wasn’t invited to the wedding, then? (inferential connective)
So there’s nothing we can do? (inferential connective)
She knows all about it, of course? (attitudinal adjunct)
But surely you can just defrost it in the microwave? (attitudinal adjunct)
So you took the documents to which (displaced wh-element)
Ministerial office? And you left them where?
More indirectly still, speakers can hint that information should be provided by You were about to say . . .?
Conversely, an interviewer in a chat show might press a participant to admit that she had left her husband and child, which she denies:
Interviewer: So you’ve reported, basically, that you walked out?
Young woman: No, I didn’t walk out.
Ellipted yes/no questions (a type of verbless clause) are extremely common in spoken English. With these, it is even more important than usual to use appropriate intonation.
For example, if you are pouring coffee for someone, you might offer sugar and milk by saying simply Sugar? Milk? with a rising tone. A falling tone would be inferred as a statement, ‘Here is the sugar, here is the milk’, but wouldn’t necessarily be interpreted as an offer; quite the opposite – you might be considered unhelpful.
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