

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Grammar and morality
المؤلف:
David Hornsby
المصدر:
Linguistics A complete introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
33-2
2023-12-11
1548
Grammar and morality
The preface to Lindley Murray’s English Grammar reveals the author’s intention to ‘promote the cause of virtue as well as learning’. Murray was neither the first, nor the last, to equate ‘good’ English with moral virtue, as these 1985 comments by Norman Tebbit, the former Conservative cabinet minister, demonstrate:
‘If you allow standards to slip to the stage where good English is no better than bad English, where people turn up filthy … at school … all those things tend to cause people to have no standards at all, and once you lose standards there’s no imperative to stay out of crime.’
Similar sentiments expressed by Prince Charles, John Rae and Jeffrey Archer (Cameron 1995: 85–94) attest to the remarkable persistence of such attitudes wherever what Milroy and Milroy (1985) have called ‘the linguistic complaint tradition’ is strong. Across the Channel, attempts to reform French spelling were criticized in 1990 by Danielle Mitterrand, wife of then President François Mitterrand, on the grounds that they represented a unacceptable weakening of standards:
‘Loosening standards is a slippery slope: once you’ve let things slip with spelling, why shouldn’t moral standards go the same way?’ (Quoted by Ball 1997: 191; translation mine)
Madame Mitterrand would no doubt have been horrified by the Presidential communiqué announcing her death in November 2011, which contained no fewer than five spelling errors, provoking something of a media storm in France.
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