

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Innateness
المؤلف:
David Hornsby
المصدر:
Linguistics A complete introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
160-8
2023-12-23
1523
Innateness
While Chomsky’s critique of behaviorism was persuasive, not everyone was prepared to join him in what he saw as the next logical leap. Where the behaviorists started from the assumption of the mind as an infinitely malleable ‘blank slate’, Chomsky argued instead for an innate predisposition to learn language. Only this, he claimed, would account for children’s remarkable ability to learn languages at an early stage of development and on the basis of ‘meagre and degenerate data’ (the ‘cootchy coo!’ of stereotypical parentto-baby talk), and to use it creatively. If humans are innately predisposed to learn language, Chomsky argued, then it followed that at an underlying level – which he called deep structure – languages were fundamentally similar in important respects. The innate language blueprint with which the child is born, and which facilitates the task of language learning, he termed universal grammar (UG).
The ultimate goal of linguistics, in that case, was therefore to go beyond descriptive adequacy and achieve explanatory adequacy for grammars of natural language. Where two descriptively adequate grammars account for the same phenomenon, the one that should be selected, he argued, is the one most compatible with universal grammar. A grammar that achieves explanatory adequacy has the advantage of simplicity, because it strips away those rules which are already specified in universal grammar, and which a child does not therefore need to learn.
الاكثر قراءة في Syntax
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