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Word order
المؤلف:
P. John McWhorter
المصدر:
The Story of Human Language
الجزء والصفحة:
24-5
2024-01-09
2148
+
-
20
Word order
A. In English, word order is subject-verb-object: The boy kicked the ball. Linguists call this word order SVO.
B. Different word orders. But across the world’s languages, we find all of the possible orders. There are actually more languages with SOV order than SVO, such as Turkish.
“Hasan bought the ox.”
There are languages where the verb comes first, such as Welsh.
“Alun saw a dog.”
Linguists used to consider it impossible that a language would have the direct reverse of our familiar SVO, but languages like this have been discovered, such as the Hixkaryana language spoken by a small group in South America.
“The man took the canoe.”
C. Word order and language change.
1. These different orders are the product of change over time. We cannot be sure what order the first language had, but most linguists think that the first one was either SVO or SOV. Languages tend to change their word order over time; therefore, the various ones in existence today arose when new languages drifted from the first language’s word order.
2. For example, Old English was basically an SOV language.
Old English
Hwi wolde God swa lytles þinges him forwyrnan?
why would God so small thing him deny
“Why would God deny him such a small thing?”
Biblical Hebrew put the verb first, but Modern Hebrew has SVO like Modern English.
3. In a language such as Warlpiri, for example, there actually is no set word order.
Warlpiri
maliki KA wajilipi-nyi kurdu wita-ngku
dog is chase child small
wajilipi-nyi KA maliki kurdu wita-ngku
wajilipi-nyi KA kurdu wita-ngku maliki
kurdu wita-ngku KA maliki wajilipi-nyi
kurdu wajilipi-nyi KA wita-ngku maliki
maliki KA kurdu wita-ngku wajilipi-nyi
“The small child is chasing the dog.”
The first language may have been like Warlpiri in this regard, which would mean that any set word order in a language is a change from how language began.
الاكثر قراءة في Syntax
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
